– Last Updated on September 4, 2010 9:19 pm
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Racing Glossary
ACCUMULATOR
(Also, PARLAY) A multiple bet. A kind of ‘let-it-ride’ bet. Making simultaneous selections on two or more races with the intent of pressing the winnings of the first win on the bet of the following race selected, and so on. All the selections made must win for you to win the accumulator.
ACROSS THE BOARD
A bet on a horse to win, place and show. Three wagers combined in one. If the horse wins, the player wins all three wagers, if second, two, and if third, one.
AGENT
A person authorized to act on the behalf of a jockey or owner. Generally refers to a jockey’s agent who lines up rides for him or her and is paid a commission from the jockey’s gross salary (25% in the US).
ALLOWANCE RACE
A race other than claiming for which the racing secretary drafts certain conditions to determine weights.
ALSO ELIGIBLE
A horse officially entered, but not permitted to start unless the field is reduced by scratches to a specified number.
ALSO RAN
A horse that finishes out of the money.
ANTE POST
(a.k.a. FUTURES) Bets placed in advance predicting the outcome of a future event. Ante post prices are those on major sporting events, usually prior to the day of the event itself. In return for the chance of better odds, bettors risk the fact that stakes are not returned if their selection pulls out or is cancelled.
APPRENTICE
Rider who has not ridden a certain number of winners within a specified period of time. Also known as a bug boy.
APPRENTICE ALLOWANCE
Weight concession to an apprentice rider, usually 10 pounds until the fifth winner, seven pounds until the 35th winner and five pounds for one calendar year from the 35th winner.
AWT
All weather track.
BABY RACE
A race for two-year-olds.
BACKSTRETCH
Straight of far side of track between the turns.
BAY
Color of horse varying from yellowish tan (light bay) to brown or dark, rich shade of mahogany (sometimes listed as dark bay or brown) with black points- black mane, tail, shadings of black low on the legs and a black muzzle.
BELL LAP
In harness racing, the last lap of a race, signified by the ringing of the bell.
BETTOR
Someone who places or has a bet. A ‘Punter’ in the UK.
BEYER SPEED RATING
A measure of performance popularized by Andy Beyer of The Washington Post.
BIT
Bar in horse’s mouth by which it is guided and controlled.
BLACK
Body, head muzzle, flanks and legs are covered with uniform black hair.
BLANKET FINISH
Horses finishing so closely together they could be covered by a blanket; difficult to determine the order of finish.
BLAZE
White patch on face of a horse starting at the forehead going down between the nostrils.
BLINKERS
Device to limit a horse’s vision to prevent it from swerving at objects or other horses on either side.
BLOWOUT
A short, final workout, usually a day or two before a race, designed to sharpen a horse’s speed.
BOARD
Short for Totalisator Board on which odds, betting pools and other information are displayed.
BOBBLE
A bad step away from the starting gate, usually caused by the track breaking away under a horse’s hoof and causing him to duck his head or nearly go to his knees.
BOLT
Sudden veering from a straight course.
BOX
A wagering term denoting a combination bet whereby all possible numeric combinations are covered.
BOXED IN
To be trapped between and behind other horses.
BREEDER’S CUP
Thoroughbred racing’s year-end championship. Known as Breeders’ Cup Day, it consists of eight races conducted at a different racetrack each year with purses and awards totaling $13 million. First run in 1984.
BREEZE
Working a horse at a moderate speed; less effort than handily.
BREAKDOWN
When a horse suffers a serious injury; lameness.
BRIDGE-JUMPER
Someone who makes large show bets on short-priced favorites.
BROODMARE
Female thoroughbred used for breeding.
BROWN
Sometimes difficult to separate from black or dark bay. This color can usually be distinguished by noting finer tan or brown hairs on the muzzles or flanks.
BUG
See APPRENTICE. The mark (*) placed next to the apprentice riders’ names in the program resembles a squashed bug so they came to be called bug riders.
BULLET WORK
The best workout time for a particular distance on a given day at a track.
BUTE
Trade name for phenylbutazone, a commonly used analgesic for horses.
CALL (the)
Running position of horses in a race at various points.
CAST
A horse is a cast when he lies down in the stall in such a way that he is too close to the wall, and there is a danger that he may not be able to get up by himself without injury.
CAULK
Projection on the bottom of a shoe to give the horse better traction, especially on a wet track.
CHALK
The wagering favorite in a race. Dates from the days when on-track bookmakers would write current odds on a chalkboard.
CHALK-PLAYER
Bettor who wagers on favorites.
CHART
A statistical “picture” of a race (from which past performances are compiled), which shows the position and margin of each horse at designated points of call (depending on distance of the race), age, weight carried, owner, trainer, purse, conditions, pay-off prices, odds, time, and other data.
CHECKED
A horse pulled up by his jockey for an instant because he is shut off or in tight quarters.
CHESTNUT
Varies from light yellow to dark liver color. A chestnut never has black points, mane or tail.
CHUTE
Extension from the backstretch or homestretch to permit a straightaway run for the start
CLAIMING RACE
Race in which horses are entered and subject to claim (buy) for a specified price.
CLASSIC
Race of traditional importance. In the U.S. specifically the Kentucky Derby, Preakness, Belmont stakes, and Coaching Club American Oaks (a.k.a. Kentucky Oaks) for fillies.
CLOCKER
One who times workouts and races.
CLUBHOUSE TURN
Generally, the turn closest to the grandstand.
COLORS
Racing silks – jacket and cap – worn by riders to denote the owner(s) of horse.
COLT
Entire male horse, 4 years old and under.
CONDITION RACE
An event with conditions limiting it to a certain class of horse, such as: fillies, 3-year-olds, non-winners of two races other than maiden or claiming, etc.
CONFORMATION
A horse’s build and general physical structure; the way he is put together.
COUPLED
Two or more horses running as an entry in a single betting unit will have the same number (ex. 1 & 1a or 2 & 2a).
CUP
Trophy awarded to owners of winners. Also, a distance race of a mile and a half or more.
CUPPY
A track surface which breaks away under a horse’s hoof.
DAILY DOUBLE
Type of wager calling for the selection of winners of two consecutive races, Usually, the first and second race.
DAM
Mother of a thoroughbred.
DEAD HEAT
Two or more horses finishing in an exact tie at the wire.
DECLARED
A horse withdrawn from a stake in advance of scratch time. In Europe, a horse confirmed to start in a race.
DERBY
A stakes event for three-year-olds.
DISQUALIFICATION
Change of order of finish by officials for an infraction of the rules.
DISTAFF RACE
A race for fillies, mares, or both.
DISTANCED
Well beaten, finishing a great distance behind the winner.
DQ
Disqualified.
DRIVING
Strong urging by rider.
DROPDOWN
A horse meeting a lower class of rivals than he had been running against.
EASED
Chart caller’s assessment of a horse that is being deliberately slowed by the jockey to prevent injury or harm to the horse.
EIGHTH
A furlong; 220 yards; 660 feet.
ENGAGEMENT
Stake nomination; riding commitment.
ENTRY
Two or more horses owned by the same stable or (in some cases) trained by the same trainer and thus running as a single betting unit (see COUPLED).
EQUIPMENT
Whip, blinkers, tongue-tie, etc.; gear carried by a horse in a race.
EQUIVALENT ODDS
Mutuel price horses pay for each $1 bet.
EXACTA (or PERFECTA)
A wager in which the first two finishers in a race, in exact order of finish, must be picked.
EXACTA BOX
A wager in which all combinations using a given number of horses are covered for running first and second.
EXCUSED
Withdrawal from a race (sometimes on a veterinarian’s recommendation) with consent from the stewards.
EXERCISE RIDER
Male or female rider who is aboard a racehorse in the mornings.
EXTRA WEIGHT/ADDED WEIGHT
More weight than conditions of race require.
FALTERED
Used for a horse that was in contention early and drops back in the late stages. It is more drastic than weakened, but less drastic than stopped.
FALSE FAVORITE
Horse who is bet down to favorite when others would appear to outclass him on form.
FARRIER
Blacksmith.
FAST TRACK
Footing at its best, dry, fast and even.
FAVORITE
The horse bet to the lowest odds because it is deemed to have the best chance of winning the race.
FENCE
Sometimes called “outside rail”; more properly, the barrier between the front of the stands and the racetrack.
FIELD
The horses in a race; all the horses not listed who are also running.
FILLY
Female horse 4 years old and younger.
FIRM
A condition of a turf course corresponding to fast on a dirt track.
FIXED ODDS
Your wager is fixed at the odds when you placed your bet.
FLAG
Signal held by a person stationed a short distance in front of the gate at exact starting point of race. Official timing starts when flag is dropped to denote proper start.
FLAK JACKET
A vest worn by jockeys during a race to help protect the ribs and spine in the event of a fall.
FLATTEN OUT
When a horse drops its head almost in a straight line with body. May indicate exhaustion.
FOAL
Newly born male or female horse until weaned.
FOUR FURLONGS
Half a mile; 880 yards; 2,640 feet.
FRACTIONAL TIME
Intermediate time recorded in a race, as at the quarter, half, three-quarters, etc.
FRESH (FRESHENED)
A rested horse.
FRONT-RUNNER
A horse that usually leads (or tries to lead) the field for as far as it can.
FURLONG
One eigth of a mile.
FUROSEMIDE
Otherwise known as Lasix, the medication used to treat respiratory bleeders.
FUTURES
(see ANTE POST) Bets placed in advance, predicting the outcome of a future event.
GAIT
The way in which a horse moves – walk, trot, canter, gallop, etc.
GALLOP
A type of gait, a fast canter. Also, to ride a horse at that gait.
GATE
Starting mechanism.
GELDING
Castrated male horse.
GET
Progeny of sire.
GOOD TRACK
Condition between fast and slow.
GRAB A QUARTER
To strike the side of a front foot with a hind foot. This could be expressed more clearly by saying that the horse overstepped or overreached and cut itself.
GRADED RACE
Established in 1973 to classify select stakes races in North America, at the request of European racing authorities, who had set up group races two years earlier. Always denoted with Roman numerals I, II, or III. Capitalized when used in race title (the Grade I Kentucky Derby).
GRANDDAM (SECOND DAM)
Grandmother of a horse.
GRANDSIRE
Grandfather of a horse, sire of the horse’s dam.
GRAY
A mixture of white and black hairs.
GREEN
Inexperienced.
GROOM
The person who takes direct care of one or more horses, washing, grooming, and feeding them.
GROUP RACE
European equivalent to North American graded races.
HALF
Half a mile, four furlongs; 880 yards; 2,640 feet.
HALTER
Like a bridle, but without a bit. Used in handling horses around the stable and when not being ridden.
HAND
Four inches. Unit used in measuring height of horses from withers to ground.
HANDICAP
Race for which a handicapper assigns weights to be carried. Also, to handicap a race; to make selections on the basis of the past performances.
HANDICAPPER
One who assigns weights for handicap race. Also one who makes selections based on past performances.
HANDILY
Working or racing with moderate effort, but more effort than breezing.
HAND RIDE
Urging a horse with the hands and not using the whip.
HORSE
Specifically, an entire male 5 years old or older.
HOT WALKER
Person who cools a horse off by hand-walking it after a workout or race.
HURDLE RACE
Contested over obstacles. A jumping race over lower fences than steeplechase races.
IMPOST
Weight carried or assigned.
IN THE MONEY
Finishing first, second or third.
INFIELD
Area within the inner rail of the racetrack.
IN HAND
Running under moderate control, at less than best pace.
INQUIRY
Reviewing the race to check into a possible infraction of the rules. Also, a sign flashed by officials on tote board on such occasions.
IRONS
Stirrups.
JOCK
Jockey.
JOG
Slow, easy gait, trot.
JUVENILE
Two-year-old horse.
LASIX
A medication for the treatment of respiratory bleeders (see FUROSEMIDE).
LATE DOUBLE
A second daily double offered on the latter part of the program. (See DAILY DOUBLE).
LEAD (or LEAD PAD)
Weights carried to make up the difference when a rider weighs less than the poundage a horse is assigned to carry.
LEG UP
To help a jockey mount his horse. Also a jockey having a mount.
LENGTH
Length of a horse from nose to tail, about 8 feet. Also distance between horses in a race.
LOCK
Slang for a “sure thing” winner.
LONG SHOT
(Also, Outsider) A runner is often referred to as being a long shot, because of the fact it is returning high odds and is therefore deemed to have little chance of winning the race.
LUG (in or out)
Action of a tiring horse, bearing in or out, failing to keep a straight course.
MAIDEN
A horse that has not won a race. Also applied to non-winning rider.
MAIDEN RACE
A race for non-winners.
MARE
Female horse 5 years old or older, female of any age who has been bred.
MATCH RACE
A race between two horses, only a planned two horse race is a match race, if a field scratches down to two horses it is not considered a match race.
MINUS POOL
A mutuel pool caused when one horse is so heavily played that, after deductions of state tax and commission, there is not enough money left to pay the legally prescribed minimum on each winning bet. The racing association usually makes up the difference.
MORNING GLORY
Horse who performs well in morning workouts but fails to produce that form in races.
MORNING LINE
Approximate odds quoted by professional handicappers before wagering determines exact odds.
MTP
Minutes to post.
MUDDER
Horse who races well on muddy tracks.
MUDDY (track)
A condition of a racetrack, wet but with no standing water.
MUDLARK
Superior mudder.
MUTUEL POOL
Short for ‘Parimutuel Pool’; Sum of the wagers on a race or event, such as the win pool, daily double pool, exacta pool, etc where all bettors are paid out from.
MUZZLE
Nose and lips of a horse. Also a guard placed over a horse’s mouth to prevent it from biting or eating.
NATIONAL THOROUGHBRED RACING ASSOCIATION (NTRA)
A non-profit, membership organization created in 1997 to improve economic conditions and public interest in Thoroughbred racing.
NEAR SIDE
Left side of a horse, side on which he is mounted.
NOD
Lowering of head. Winning in that manner.
NOSE
Smallest advantage a horse can win by. Called a short head in Britain.
OAKS
A classic stakes event for 3-year-old fillies.
OBJECTION
Claim of foul lodged by rider, owner or trainer. If lodged by an official, it is called an inquiry.
ODDS-ON
Odds of less than even money.
OFFICIAL
Sign displayed when result is confirmed. Also racing official.
OFF SIDE
Right side of horse.
OFF THE BOARD
A horse so lightly bet that its odds exceed 99 to 1.
OFF TRACK
An off track refers to a wet racing surface.
OFF TRACK BETTING (OTB)
Wagering at legalized betting outlets.
ON THE MUSCLE
When a horse is eager to run, is pulling at the bit.
ON THE BOARD
Finishing among the first four.
ON THE NOSE
Betting a horse to win only.
OUT OF THE MONEY
A horse that finishes worse than third.
OUTRIDER
The person who rides the lead horse that accompanies the racehorses to post also is there to catch loose horses, is like a lifeguard on the track.
OVERLAY
A horse going off at a higher price than he appears to warrant based on its past performances.
OVERNIGHT RACE
A race in which entries close a specific number of hours before running (such as 48 hours), as opposed to a stakes race for which nominations close weeks and sometimes months in advance.
OVERWEIGHT
Surplus weight carried by a horse when the rider cannot make the required weight.
PACESETTER
The horse that is running in front (on the lead).
PADDOCK
Structure or area where horses are saddled and kept before post time.
PARIMUTUEL
A form of wagering that originated in France in which all money bet is divided up among those who have winning tickets, after taxes, takeout and other deductions are made.
PHOTO FINISH
A result so close it is necessary to use a finish-line camera to determine order of finish.
PICK SIX (or more)
A type of wager in which the winners of all the included races must be selected.
PILL
Small numbered ball drawn to decide post position.
PINHOOK or PINHOOKER
To buy a horse at auction for the purpose of reselling it later.
PLACE
Second position at finish.
PLACE BET
Wager on a horse to finish first or second.
POLE
Markers at measured distances around the track, marking the distance from the finish. The quarter pole, for instance, is a quarter of a mile from the finish, not from the start.
POOL
Mutuel pool. Total sum bet on a race or event, such as the win pool, daily double pool, and exacta pool.
POST
Starting point or position in starting gate.
POST PARADE
Horses going from paddock to starting gate past the stands.
POST POSITION
Position of stall in starting gate from which a horse starts.
POST TIME
Designated time for race to start
PREP (or PREP RACE)
A workout or a race to prepare a horse for a future engagement.
PURSE
A sum of money collected and offered as a prize.
PUNTER
Bettor or investor.
QUARTER
One-quarter of a mile; 440 yards; 1,320 feet.
QUARTER HORSE
Breed of horse especially fast for a quarter of a mile, from which its name is derived.
QUINELLA
Wager in which first two finishers must be picked, but payoff is made in either order of finish.
TACK
Riders’ racing equipment, also applied to stable gear worn by a horse.
TAKE (or TAKEOUT)
Commission deducted from mutual pools which s shared by the track and local and state governing bodies in the form of tax.
TAKEN UP
A horse pulled up sharply by his rider because of being in close quarters.
TATTOO
A letter and a group of numerals applied to the underside of the upper lip of each registered thoroughbred.
THOROUGHBRED
A thoroughbred is a horse whose parentage traces back to any of the three ‘Founding Sires’ (the Darley Arabian, Byerly Turk and Godolphin Barb), and that has satisfied the rules and requirements of The Jockey Club and is registered in ‘The American Stud Book’ or in a foreign stud book recognized by The Jockey Club and the International Stud Book Committee. Any other horse, no matter what its parentage, is not considered a thoroughbred for racing and/or breeding purposes.
TICKET
The betting slip or ticket that is received by the bettor from the bookmaker or totalisator, as proof of his or her wager. The ticket is necessary to collect the dividends.
TONGUE TIE
Strap or tape bandage used to tie down a horse’s tongue to prevent it from choking in a race or workout.
TOPWEIGHT
Highest weight assigned or carried in a race.
TOTALISATOR
Machine that sells and records betting tickets and shows odds. Also figures out and displays payoff figures.
TOUT
One who gives tips on racehorses, usually attaining some personal reward in return; to give tips.
TRACK RECORD
Fastest time at various distances recorded at a particular track.
TRIFECTA (or TRIPLE)
A wager picking the first three finishers of one race in exact order.
TRIPLE CROWN
In the United States, the Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes. In England the 2,000 Guineas, Epsom Derby and St. Leger. In Canada, the Queen’s Plate, Prince of Wales Stakes and Breeders’ Stakes.
TURF COURSE
Racecourse on the grass.
TURN DOWN
A protrusion on the bottom of a horseshoe added to give traction.
TWITCH
A device usually consisting of a stick with a loop of rope at one end, which is placed around a horse’s nose and upper lip and twisted to curb fractiousness.
SADDLE CLOTH
Cloth under the saddle on which number (and sometimes horse’s name) denoting post position is displayed.
SCRATCH
To be taken out of a race.
SECOND DAM
Grandmother; granddam.
SESAMOID
Sesamoid bones are located at the back of the fetlock, the joint formed by the pastern bone and the cannon bone.
SHADOW ROLL
Usually a lamb’s wool rolls half way up the horse’s face to keep him from seeing his own shadow.
SHANK
Rope or strap attached to a halter or bridle by which a horse is led.
SHED ROW
Stable area; a row of barns.
SHOW
Third position at the finish.
SHUT OFF
Cut off, unable to improve position due to another horse suddenly blocking the path.
SILKS (or COLORS)
Jacket and cap worn by riders which designates the owners of the horse, designed and picked out personally by each owner.
SIMULCAST
Televising a race, live to other tracks, OTB offices or other outlets for the purpose of wagering.
SINGLE
A straight bet on one horse to win, place or show one race or event, also known as a straight-up bet.
SIRE
Father of a horse.
SIX FURLONGS
Three-quarter of a mile; 1,320 yards, 3,960 feet.
SIXTEENTH
One-sixteenth of a mile; 110 yards, 330 feet.
SLOPPY
Condition of footing. Wet on surface with firm bottom.
SLOW
Footing that is not fast, wet on the surface and base of the track, between good and heavy.
SMART MONEY
Insiders’ bets or the insiders themselves.
SPRINT
Short race, less than one mile.
STAKE
A race (usually a feature race) for which the owner must pay up a fee to run a horse. The fees can be for nominating, maintaining eligibility, entering and starting, to which the track adds more money to make up the total purse. Some stakes races are by invitation and require no payment or fee.
STAKES HORSE
One capable of competing in such events.
STALLION
Entire male horse.
STARTER
The person responsible for starting a race, releasing the gates once all horses and riders are in and facing forward.
STARTER RACE
An allowance or handicap race restricted to horses that have started for a specific claiming price or less.
STEPS UP
A horse moving up in class to compete against better runners.
STEWARDS
Top officials of the meeting responsible for enforcing the rules.
STEEPLECHASE
A jumping race over high obstacles.
STICK
A jockey’s whip.
STOCKINGS
When a horse has white legs below the knees.
STRETCH
Final straight portion of the racetrack to the finish.
STRETCH CALL
The call of the position of horses at the eighth pole, usually about halfway down the stretch.
STRETCH RUNNER
Horse that finishes fast.
STUD
Male horse used for breeding.
STUD BOOK
Registry and genealogical record of the breeding of thoroughbreds maintained by The Jockey Club.
SUCKLING
A baby horse that is still nursing.
SUPERFECTA
A bet placed on four horses to cross the finish line in exact chosen order.
SWAYBACK
Horse with a dipped backbone.
TACK
Riders’ racing equipment, also applied to stable gear worn by a horse.
TAKE (or TAKEOUT)
Commission deducted from mutual pools which s shared by the track and local and state governing bodies in the form of tax.
TAKEN UP
A horse pulled up sharply by his rider because of being in close quarters.
TATTOO
A letter and a group of numerals applied to the underside of the upper lip of each registered thoroughbred.
THOROUGHBRED
A thoroughbred is a horse whose parentage traces back to any of the three ‘Founding Sires’ (the Darley Arabian, Byerly Turk and Godolphin Barb), and that has satisfied the rules and requirements of The Jockey Club and is registered in ‘The American Stud Book’ or in a foreign stud book recognized by The Jockey Club and the International Stud Book Committee. Any other horse, no matter what its parentage, is not considered a thoroughbred for racing and/or breeding purposes.
TICKET
The betting slip or ticket that is received by the bettor from the bookmaker or totalisator, as proof of his or her wager. The ticket is necessary to collect the dividends.
TONGUE TIE
Strap or tape bandage used to tie down a horse’s tongue to prevent it from choking in a race or workout.
TOPWEIGHT
Highest weight assigned or carried in a race.
TOTALISATOR
Machine that sells and records betting tickets and shows odds. Also figures out and displays payoff figures.
TOUT
One who gives tips on racehorses, usually attaining some personal reward in return; to give tips.
TRACK RECORD
Fastest time at various distances recorded at a particular track.
TRIFECTA (or TRIPLE)
A wager picking the first three finishers of one race in exact order.
TRIPLE CROWN
In the United States, the Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes. In England the 2,000 Guineas, Epsom Derby and St. Leger. In Canada, the Queen’s Plate, Prince of Wales Stakes and Breeders’ Stakes.
TURF COURSE
Racecourse on the grass.
TURN DOWN
A protrusion on the bottom of a horseshoe added to give traction.
TWITCH
A device usually consisting of a stick with a loop of rope at one end, which is placed around a horse’s nose and upper lip and twisted to curb fractiousness.
UNDERLAY
A horse racing at shorter odds than it should; a bad bet.
UNTRIED
Not raced or tested for speed. Also, a stallion that has not been bred.
UPSET
When a heavy favorite is beaten by another horse, once thought to have originated from a horse named Upset who beat Man O’ War. The great horse ran second that day; it would be the only time in its 21 career starts it would lose. However, the term was mildly in use relating to sporting events before that date.
WALKOVER
Race that scratches down to only one starter who merely gallops the required distance. A formal gesture required by the rules of racing.
WARMING UP
Galloping/jogging a horse before post time.
WASHY
Horse breaking out in nervous sweat from head to tail.
WEIGH IN (Out)
The certification, by the clerk of scales, of a rider’s weight before (and after) a race. A jockey weighs in fully dressed with all equipment except for his/her helmet, whip and (in many jurisdictions) flak jacket.
WEANLING
A foal that is less than 1 year old that has been separated from its dam.
WHEEL
Betting all possible combinations in an exotic wager using at least one horse as the key.
WIN
The term used to describe a 1st place finish.
WIRE
The finish line of a race.
WITHERS
The highest point of a horse’s shoulder.
WITH THE FIELD
Having one horse linked with all the other horses in an event. It can apply to forecasts or in doubles.
WORK
Exercise run timed by clockers to go on to a horse’s record, can be seen on past performances.
YEARLING
Thoroughbred between the first New Year’s Day after being foaled and the following January 1.
YIELDING
Condition of turf course with a great deal of moisture.